RefusalGuard: Geometry-Preserving Fine-Tuning for Safety in LLMs

Fine-tuning safety-aligned language models for downstream tasks often leads to substantial degradation of refusal behavior, making models vulnerable to adversarial misuse. While prior work has shown that safety-relevant features are encoded in structured representations within the model’s activation space, how these representations change during fine-tuning and why alignment degrades remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigate the representation-level mechanisms underlying alignment degradation. Our analysis shows that standard fine-tuning induces systematic drift in safety-relevant representations, distorts their geometric structure, and introduces interference between task optimization and safety features. These effects collectively lead to increased harmful compliance. Motivated by these findings, we introduce \textsc{RefusalGuard}, a representation-level fine-tuning framework that preserves safety-relevant structure during model adaptation. Our approach constrains updates in hidden representation space, ensuring that safety-mediating components remain stable while allowing task-specific learning in complementary directions. We evaluate \textsc{RefusalGuard} across multiple model families, including LLaMA, Gemma, and Qwen, on adversarial safety benchmarks such as AdvBench, DirectHarm4, and JailbreakBench, as well as downstream utility tasks. Our approach achieves attack success rates comparable to base safety-aligned models while maintaining competitive task performance, significantly outperforming baselines.